Media Professionals and Democratic Resilience in the Global South: Navigating Information Disorder and Social Entropy
Abstract
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adina, P. (2023, July 13). European Parliament calls for an end to violence in Manipur. ADF International. https://adfinternational.org/news/ep-resolution-violence-in-manipur
Alfter, B. (2019). The journalist as a networker and moderator. In M. L. Detjen (Ed.), Spannungsfeld Journalismus. Stabile Leitplanken in einer sich wandelnden Medienwelt (pp. 111–120). Búmen, B-Press.
Al Jazeera English. (2018, January 30). Rappler's SEC case: Taming the Filipino media? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUhQ4e-4rQA
Alvin Report. (2025, September 4). Nigeria's trust crisis: Why people are ditching news media. The Alvin Report. https://thealvinreport.com/nigerias-trust-crisis-why-people-are-ditching-news-media/
AQ Online. (2020, February 12). Inside Brazil's dangerous battle over fake news. Americas Quarterly. https://americasquarterly.org/article/inside-brazils-dangerous-battle-over-fake-news/
Bebawi, S., & Mutsvairo, B. (2022). Introduction: Reclaiming the voices of the Global South. In The Routledge Companion to Journalism in the Global South. Routledge.
Borges-Rey, E. (2016). Unravelling data journalism. Journalism Practice, 10(7), 833–843.
Borges-Rey, E., Mutsvairo, B., & Bebawi, S. (2024). Ontologies of journalism in the Global South. Media and Communication Review, 1(1), 1–18.
Braid, F. R. (1998). Communication media in the Philippines: 1521-1986. Philippine Social Science Council. https://pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Works/Florangel%20Braid/Communication%20Media%20in%20the%20Philippines%201521-1986.pdf
Cabato, R. (2024, January 18). Navigating malign influence campaigns in the Philippines: A guide for journalists and newsrooms. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/navigating-malign-influence-campaigns-philippines-guide-journalists-and-newsrooms
Cambridge Centre for Philanthropy and Social Innovation. (2020). COVID-19 and the Global South: Philanthropic funding, promising partnerships and potential pitfalls. https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2020-csp-report-covid.pdf
Carlson, M., Darr, J. P., & Dilliplane, S. (2018). Political competition, partisanship, and interpersonal trust in electoral democracies. British Journal of Political Science, 48(1), 239–255.
Chad, F. (2025, March 10). The impact of colonial legacies on Nigerian media narratives. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/389706896_The_Impact_of_Colonial_Legacies_on_Nigerian_Media_Narratives
CIMA. (2015). Supporting media at a time of crisis: Donors explore new strategies. Center for International Media Assistance. https://www.cima.ned.org/publication/supporting-media-at-a-time-of-crisis-donors-explore-new-strategies/
CPJ. (2023, January 24). Deadly year for journalists as killings rose sharply in 2022. Committee to Protect Journalists. https://cpj.org/reports/2023/01/deadly-year-for-journalists-as-killings-rose-sharply-in-2022/
DAIDAC. (2025, February 19). The information disorder trap: How to avoid falling victim in Nigeria. https://daidac.thecjid.org/the-information-disorder-trap-how-to-avoid-falling-victim-in-nigeria/
Devex. (n.d.). Centre for Journalism Innovation and Development (CJID). https://www.devex.com/organizations/premium-times-centre-for-investigative-journalism-ptcij-69759
DFID. (2008, November 26). DFID research: Media in Kenya after the elections. Gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/case-studies/dfid-research-media-in-kenya-after-the-elections
Editors Guild of India. (2023). Report of the Fact-Finding Mission on Media's Reportage of the Ethnic Violence in Manipur. https://editorsguild.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/EGI-report-on-Manipur.pdf
Eke, C., & Njoku, C. C. (2025). Disinformation, toxicity, and harms in online social networks and media in Nigeria. Advance Journal of Linguistics and Mass Communication, 9(1), 67–78.
Ekwenchi, O., Oji, M., & Alum, A. (2024). Navigating Nigeria's nationhood crisis in a hate-driven digital media space. Sapientia Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Development Studies, 7(3), 185–193.
European Parliament. (2023, July 17). European parliament calls for an end to Manipur violence. Modern Diplomacy. https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/07/17/european-parliament-calls-for-an-end-to-manipur-violence/
Ferreira, R. (2024). The precarity trap: How labour conditions shape non-democratic journalistic practices in Brazil. Journalism Studies. https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/420143870/FerreiraR2024JSThePrecarityTrap.pdf
Freedom House. (2022, November 3). Crimes against journalists are on the rise and are seldom punished. https://freedomhouse.org/article/crimes-against-journalists-are-rise-and-are-seldom-punished
Free Speech Collective. (2023). Media's Role in the Violence in Manipur—Counter Narratives and Dissemination of Fake News. https://freespeechcollective.in/reports/resources/medias-role-in-the-violence-in-manipur-counter-narratives-and-dissemination-of-fake-news/
Fürst, S., & Wagner, A. (2025). How journalists cope with precarious working conditions: A typology of coping strategies. Journalism. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2025.2475179
Gagliardone, I., Diepeveen, S., & Mutsvairo, B. (2020). The state of media literacy in Sub-Saharan Africa 2020 and a theory of misinformation literacy. University of Westminster Press.
Gidron, N., Adams, J., & Horne, W. (2023). Beyond observational relationships: Evidence from a ten-country experiment that policy disputes cause affective polarization. British Journal of Political Science, 53(2), 1–8.
GIJN. (n.d.). Introduction to investigative journalism collaborations. Global Investigative Journalism Network. https://gijn.org/resource/introduction-investigative-journalism-collaborations/
Graves, L., & Amazeen, M. A. (2019). Fact-checking as idea and practice in journalism. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication.
Graves, L., & Shabbir, N. (2019). The rise of collaboration in investigative journalism. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
GSDRC. (2008). Ideological, legal, economic and professional obstacles to media development in Africa. https://gsdrc.org/document-library/ideological-legal-economic-and-professional-obstacles-to-media-development-in-africa/
Hoque, M. M. (2022). Making a video documentary on fake news and disinformation in Bangladesh: Critical reflections and learning. Advances in Journalism and Communication, 10(2), 123–138.
Human Rights Watch. (2025, March 27). India: Ethnic clashes restart in Manipur. https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/03/27/india-ethnic-clashes-restart-manipur
ICFJ. (2025, March 18). Disarming disinformation: How two Brazilian news outlets are fighting back. International Center for Journalists. https://www.icfj.org/sites/default/files/2025-03/ICFJ%20Disarming%20Disinformation%20Brazil%20Case%20Study.pdf
IJNet. (2019, July 3). Fact-checking around the world: Inside Nigeria's Dubawa. https://ijnet.org/en/story/fact-checking-around-world-inside-nigerias-dubawa
IMS. (2023). Where is the money? A global perspective on forms of funding, financing and investment for public interest media. International Media Support. https://www.mediasupport.org/publication/where-is-the-money-a-global-perspective-on-forms-of-funding-financing-and-investment-for-public-interest-media/
jamlab. (2024, January 16). The challenging landscape faced by media entrepreneurs in Africa. https://jamlab.africa/challenging-landscape-faced-by-media-entrepreneurs-in-africa/
KAS. (n.d.). Development journalism. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=03a0338f-9a27-0b51-56d5-4a313882080b&groupId=269323
Kurlantzick, J. (2024, March 11). Southeast and South Asia step up controls on online discourse. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/blog/southeast-and-south-asia-step-controls-online-discourse
Larrondo Ureta, A., Peña-Fernández, S., & Oller Alonso, M. (2022). Precariousness and professional identity: How Spanish freelance journalists perceive their work and professional roles. Doxa Comunicación, 34, 111–131.
Lavgrave, S. (2022, May 6). In the Philippines, journalists are fighting a losing battle against disinformation. The Lowy Institute. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/philippines-diagnosing-infodemic
Lopa, A. (2022, May 23). Brazil: Fact-checking, a core skill of news media, emerges as a business strategy. WAN-IFRA. https://wan-ifra.org/2022/05/brazil-fact-checking-a-core-skill-of-news-media-emerges-as-a-business-strategy/
Marques, A. F., de Almeida, C. A. F., de Oliveira, D. C., & de Oliveira, W. K. (2023). Fake news, social media, and the right to health in Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(7), 5299.
Matanji, F., & Adjin-Tettey, T. D. (2025). Fighting fake news: How media in Kenya and Senegal check facts. The Conversation.
MDIF. (n.d.). Rappler: Holding the line against disinformation. Media Development Investment Fund. https://www.mdif.org/news/rappler-social-impact/
Media Defence. (n.d.). Misinformation, disinformation and mal-information. https://www.mediadefence.org/ereader/publications/modules-on-litigating-freedom-of-expression-and-digital-rights-in-south-and-southeast-asia/module-8-false-news-misinformation-and-propaganda/misinformation-disinformation-and-mal-information/
Media Development Foundation. (2025, March 10). The black swan of donor support: How local journalism is surviving the suspension of USAID program funding. https://www.mediadevelopmentfoundation.org/en/research/black-swan-of-donor-support-how-local-journalism-is-surviving-the-suspension-of-usaid-program-funding/
Media Support. (n.d.). Where is the money? A global perspective on forms of funding, financing and investment for public interest media. https://www.mediasupport.org/publication/where-is-the-money-a-global-perspective-on-forms-of-funding-financing-and-investment-for-public-interest-media/
Meedan. (2021, July 21). Multi-language tiplines and media literacy: PesaCheck's fact-check strategy in Africa. https://meedan.com/post/multi-language-tiplines-and-media-literacy-pesachecks-fact-check-strategy-in
Meedan. (2022, May 18). Meet VERA, the truth bot. https://meedan.com/post/meet-vera-the-truth-bot
Moyo, L. (2021). The decolonial turn in media studies in Africa and the Global South. Palgrave Macmillan.
Mutsvairo, B., Bebawi, S., & Borges-Rey, E. (Eds.). (2022). The Routledge companion to journalism in the Global South. Routledge.
Ndiaye, M. (2025). Media literacy education in Senegal: Perceptions of media professionals. Journal of African Media Studies.
Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Eddy, K., Robertson, C. T., & Nielsen, R. K. (2025). Reuters Institute digital news report 2025. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
Newslaundry. (2024). Inside Northeast India's biggest media empire: Himanta Biswa Sarma's journey with Pride East. https://www.newslaundry.com/2024/03/05/inside-northeast-indias-biggest-media-empire-himanta-biswa-sarmas-journey-with-pride-east
Northwestern University in Qatar. (2025). Rawabet: Critical debates in media and communication studies. https://www.qatar.northwestern.edu/special-events/rawabet/2025/journalism-in-the-global-south.html
OECD. (2023). Lack of trust in institutions and political engagement. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/83351a47-en
ONA. (2019). Aos Fatos. Online News Association. https://awards.journalists.org/entries/aos-fatos/
Ong, J. C. (2025, June 28). The disinformation paradox gripping the Philippines. East Asia Forum. https://eastasiaforum.org/2025/06/28/the-disinformation-paradox-gripping-the-philippines/
Oyeleye, A. (2020). The nation as corporation: British colonialism and the pitfalls of postcolonial nationhood in Nigeria. Peace and Conflict Studies, 27(1).
Poetranto, I., & Varon, J. (2024, March 18). How disinformation is undermining trust in Brazil's most used digital public infrastructure. Tech Policy Press. https://www.techpolicy.press/how-disinformation-is-undermining-trust-in-brazils-most-used-digital-public-infrastructure/
Porter, E., & Wood, T. (2021). The global effectiveness of fact-checking: Evidence from simultaneous experiments in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354583870_The_global_effectiveness_of_fact-checking_Evidence_from_simultaneous_experiments_in_Argentina_Nigeria_South_Africa_and_the_United_Kingdom
Posetti, J., & Shabbir, N. (2022). The chilling: A global study of online violence against women journalists. UNESCO. https://www.icfj.org/sites/default/files/2022-11/ICFJ_UNESCO_The%20Chilling_2022_1.pdf
Press Council of South Africa. (2025, March 29). Fighting fake news: How media in Kenya and Senegal check facts. https://presscouncil.org.za/2025/03/29/fighting-fake-news-how-media-in-kenya-and-senegal-check-facts/
Princeton University Library. (n.d.). Misinformation, disinformation, malinformation: A guide. https://princetonlibrary.org/guides/misinformation-disinformation-malinformation-a-guide/
PTI. (2025, September 10). Par panel recommends amending penal provision, mandatory fact-checking system to crack down on fake news. PTI News. https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/par-panel-recommends-amending-penal-provision-mandatory-fact-checking-system-to-crack-down-on-fake-news/2901722
Ragnedda, M., & Gladkova, A. (Eds.). (2020). Digital inequalities in the Global South. Palgrave Macmillan.
Ressa, M. (2022, December 10). Brave Filipina fighting for the factual truth. D+C Development and Cooperation. https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/independent-website-rappler-has-become-indispensable-source-information-philippines
Reuters Institute. (2022, February 15). How a Nigerian nonprofit is teaching fact-checking to journalists from West Africa. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/how-nigerian-nonprofit-teaching-fact-checking-journalists-west-africa
Reuters Institute. (2024, May 23). The looming threat and possible solutions to Latin America's foreign donor-funded journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/looming-threat-and-possible-solutions-latin-americas
Reporters Without Borders (RSF). (2025). RSF's World Press Freedom Index 2025: economic fragility a leading threat to press freedom. https://rsf.org/en/rsf-world-press-freedom-index-2025-economic-fragility-leading-threat-press-freedom
Root, R. (2025, September 10). What the US closure of global media means for freedom of speech in Asia. Index on Censorship. https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2025/09/what-the-us-closure-of-global-media-means-for-freedom-of-speech-in-asia/
Sambrook, R. (2018). Global teamwork: The rise of collaboration in investigative journalism. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
Shaw, I. S. (n.d.). Historical development of media in Sierra Leone. University of Sierra Leone.
Stimson Center. (2022, June 22). Disinformation and democratic transition: A Kenyan case study. https://www.stimson.org/2022/disinformation-and-democratic-transition-a-kenyan-case-study/
The CJID. (2018, December 10). DUBAWA and UDEME: The new faces of accountability media in Nigeria. https://thecjid.org/dubawa-and-udeme-the-new-faces-of-accountability-media-in-nigeria/
The Horn Institute. (2025, June 16). The impact of information disorder on national security: Lessons Kenya can draw from other states. https://horninstitute.org/the-impact-of-information-disorder-on-national-security-lessons-kenya-can-draw-from-other-states/
Times of India. (2023). Manipur violence: How fake news and rumours are adding fuel to the fire. Retrieved from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manipur-violence-how-fake-news-and-rumours-are-adding-fuel-to-the-fire/articleshow/102055661.cms
Ugboajah, F. O. (n.d.). Communication as technology in African rural development. Africa Media Review.
UNESCO. (n.d.). Media & information literacy. https://www.unesco.org/en/media-information-literacy
UNESCO. (2025, February 11). Resilient journalism: A response to the challenges faced by displaced journalists. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/resilient-journalism-response-challenges-faced-displaced-journalists
Upgrade Democracy. (n.d.). Aos Fatos. https://upgradedemocracy.de/en/perspective/highlights/the-technology-behind-the-truth-aos-fatos-and-the-fight-against-disinformation-in-brazil/
VERA Files. (n.d.). About VERA Files. https://verafiles.org/about
Wardle, C. (2017, February 16). Fake news. It's complicated. Medium. https://medium.com/1st-draft/fake-news-its-complicated-d0f773766c79
Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe.
Wekesa, E., Vava, N., & Mtshali, H. (2017). Fact-checking in a global south context: The case of Africa Check. Witwatersrand University.
Wikipedia contributors. (2024a, May 29). Dubawa. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dubawa&oldid=1226208888
Wikipedia contributors. (2024b, September 10). Political polarization. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_polarization&oldid=1245053888
Wikipedia contributors. (2024c, July 29). Premium Times. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premium_Times&oldid=1237188888
Wikipedia contributors. (2024d, August 28). Vera Files. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vera_Files&oldid=1242888888
Wikipedia contributors. (2024e, September 11). World Press Freedom Index. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Press_Freedom_Index&oldid=1245208888
Wood, T., & Porter, E. (2021). The global effectiveness of fact-checking: Evidence from simultaneous experiments in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(37), e2104235118.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
*The views, interpretations and opinions expressed in the articles are those of the authors and may not necessarily be of JDP.
Number of Visitors to this Journal:
The Journal is indexed with Cosmos Impact Factor.