Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites: Structural Characteristics, Mechanical Performance, and Emerging Sustainable Applications: A Review

Sonika Chauhan

Abstract


The increasing demand for sustainable and lightweight engineering materials promotes research on natural fiber–reinforced polymer composites as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional synthetic fiber composites. Natural fibers such as bamboo, curaua, hemp, flax, and Grewia optiva have attracted considerable attention due to their renewability, biodegradability, low density, cost-effectiveness, and favorable mechanical performance. Despite extensive research on individual natural fibers, a comprehensive comparative understanding of their structural characteristics, reinforcement potential, and application feasibility in polymer composites remains limited. This review aims to address this gap by critically analyzing the structural features, mechanical behavior, and engineering applications of selected high-performance natural fibers used in composite materials. The study highlights the influence of key structural parameters such as cellulose content, crystallinity, fiber density, and microfibrillar angle on the mechanical performance of natural fiber composites. Although natural fiber composites offer significant environmental and mechanical advantages, challenges such as moisture absorption, interfacial incompatibility, and variability in fiber properties remain critical issues. Recent advancements in fiber surface modification, hybrid composite design, and advanced processing techniques have significantly improved the reliability and performance of these materials. This review paper highlights the growing potential of natural fiber composites as sustainable engineering materials and provides insights for future research aimed at optimizing their structural performance and expanding their applications in automotive, aerospace, and construction industries.

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